All classes Distributed Generation Optimization PSO-GWO Syllabus · Episode 2 of 6

Class Optimasi Distributed Generation PSO-GWO #2: Backward-Forward Power Flow: Power Loss & Voltage Profile

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Tutorial on backward-forward power flow Python for radial IEEE 33-bus distribution network: power loss and voltage profile. Episode 2 of the distributed generation optimization series.

Software: Python (NumPy, Metaheuristik)
Level: Intermediate
Duration: ± 9 min
Series total: 1 h · 6 videos
Published: October 25, 2026

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Introduction

This is the final result, the voltage profile of the entire IEEE 33-bus system, with 21 buses below the 0.95 per unit limit, and a power loss of 202.68 kW, which is exactly the same as in the literature. Everything is calculated using our self-written power flow backward-forward sweep method. Let's start. Hello, welcome to episode two of the Distributed Generation optimization series. To evaluate a DIGI placement, we must know the voltage at each bus and the power loss in each line. That's the purpose of power flow analysis. The Newton-Raphson method is less suitable for radial distribution networks, so we use the simple, fast backward-forward sweep method, which takes advantage of the tree structure of the network.

Step 1: Backward Sweep

Create a file named power_flow.py The power flow function receives a list of DIGI buses and their active power in megawatts. DIGI is modeled as a negative load with a power factor of 1. The voltage of all buses is initialized to 1 per unit. In each iteration, the load current of each bus is calculated from the conjugate of the power divided by the voltage. Then the backward sweep processes the lines from the end to the beginning, the current of each line is the current of the destination bus, and this current is added to the source bus, so the current accumulates towards the substation.

Step 2: Forward Sweep & Power Loss

The forward sweep runs in the opposite direction, from the substation to the end. The voltage of the destination bus is the voltage of the source bus minus the line impedance multiplied by the current. The iteration stops when the largest voltage change is smaller than the tolerance. Active power loss is the sum of the square of the current multiplied by the resistance of all lines, multiplied by 1000 to be in kilowatts.

Step 3: Base Case Validation

Create a test file named power_flow_test.py and run the basic case without DIGI. It converges in just 8 iterations. Active power loss is 202.68 kilowatts, and the minimum voltage is 0.9131 per unit at bus 18. Both numbers are exactly the same as in P per baran and WU, so our power flow is correct. There are 21 buses with voltages below the standard limit of 0.95 per unit.

Step 4: Voltage Profile

Let's draw the voltage profile. Voltage drops from the substation until bus 18 at the main feeder end, then jumps at bus 19 because it is a branch close to the substation. Branches from bus 26 to 33 also drop below the limit. Power loss is about 5.5 percent of the total load. This is the problem we will fix with DIGI.

Done!

Done. We have already written the backward-forward sweep power flow from scratch, validating it with literature, and analyze power loss and voltage profile for the base case. In the next episode, we formulate the objective function and constraints, as well as observing the effect of location and size of DIGI. Working on thesis,

9 Wear ' cedaorsidacom n

Thesis or research in the field of power systems and renewable energy. Cerdas Inovasi Digital helps implement the optimization of power systems, From the backward-forward sweep power flow, placement and capacity of distributed generation, PSO, gray wolf optimizer, up to hybrid algorithms, as well as opening a Python programming course for electrical engineering. Want to master the entire series, From IEEE 33 bus data to algorithm comparison analysis? All 6 episodes, complete with step-by-step PDF guides and source code, Available for premium tutorial subscribers. Subscribe starting at Rp69.000 per month, save 28% with 12-month package, Or pay once Rp999.000 for lifetime access. Want just one class? Buy single class with lifetime access. Subscribe now on the premium page cerdasinovasidigital.com Contact our WhatsApp or visit cerdasinovasidigital.com Thank you for watching, see you in the next episode.

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Transcript

0:03Introduction

0:52Step 1: Backward Sweep

3:55Step 2: Forward Sweep & Power Loss

4:17Step 3: Base Case Validation

5:43Step 4: Voltage Profile

7:14Done!

7:349 Wear ' cedaorsidacom n

Ask the class material

My notes

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Need more than a video?

Transcript

0:03Introduction

0:52Step 1: Backward Sweep

3:55Step 2: Forward Sweep & Power Loss

4:17Step 3: Base Case Validation

5:43Step 4: Voltage Profile

7:14Done!

7:349 Wear ' cedaorsidacom n

Ask the class material

My notes

Questions & answers

Your instructor

Introduction

Step 1: Backward Sweep

Step 2: Forward Sweep & Power Loss

Step 3: Base Case Validation

Step 4: Voltage Profile

Done!

9 Wear ' cedaorsidacom n

Introduction

Step 1: Backward Sweep

Step 2: Forward Sweep & Power Loss

Step 3: Base Case Validation

Step 4: Voltage Profile

Done!

9 Wear ' cedaorsidacom n